About This Book

The Critical Role of Espionage During the War of Independence

During the American Revolution, espionage was critical to the successes and failures of both Continental and British efforts, and those employed in cloak-and-dagger operations always risked death. While the most notorious episode of spying during the war—the Benedict Arnold affair—was a failure, most intelligence operations succeeded. Spycraft was no more wholly embraced than by the American commander-in-chief, George Washington. Washington relied on a vast spy network and personally designed sophisticated battle plan deceptions and counterintelligence efforts, some surprisingly modern in form.

In Invisible Ink: Spycraft of the American Revolution, award-winning author John A. Nagy briefly traces the history of spy techniques from ancient China through Elizabethan England before embarking on the various techniques used by spies on both sides of the war to exchange secret information. These methods included dictionary codes, diplomatic ciphers, dead drops, hidden compartments (such as a hollowed-out bullet or a woman’s garter), and even musical notation, as well as efforts of counterintelligence, including “Black Chambers,” where postal correspondence was read by cryptologists. Throughout, the author provides examples of the various codes and ciphers employed, many of which have not been previously described. In addition, the author analyzes some of the key spy rings operating during the war, most notably the Culper ring that provided information to Washington from inside British-controlled New York City.

Based on nearly two decades of primary research, including the author’s discovery of previously unrecognized spies and methods, Invisible Ink is a major contribution to the history of conflict and technology.

John A. Nagy (1946–2016) was an expert on eighteenth-century documents and espionage. He is author of Rebellion in the Ranks: Mutinies of the American Revolution, Spies in the Continental Capital: Espionage Across Pennsylvania During the American Revolution, and Dr. Benjamin Church, Spy.

Praise for Invisible Ink:

“Readers of spying and intelligence-gathering generally, and specifically during the American Revolution, will consult with profit.”—Journal of American History